Brazil’s new vehicle front impact safety standards — ABNT NBR 15300-1 & ABNT NBR 15300-2 or ABNT NBR 15300-3: Is the manufacturerer choice the safest for the passenger?

To increase car passenger safety, the Brazilian National Traffic Council (CONTRAN) released Resolution 221, which defines the maximum passenger and driver biomechanical criteria in the event of a vehicle frontal impact. The vehicle maximum allowed biomechanical injury criteria will be enforced from January 2012 for new vehicles and in January 2014 for vehicles in production before January 2014. To standardize the test method to measure the driver and front passenger injury values in a frontal crash, Resolution 221 states that the tests must be performed according to the ABNT NBR 15300-1 standard, followed by the ABNT NBR 15300-2 standard or the ABNT NBR 15300-3 standard. The use of ABNT NBR 15300-2 or ABNT NBR 15300-3 standards is a free choice for the manufacturer of the vehicle. The ABNT NBR 15300-1 + 15300-2 test is similar to the FMVSS 208 standard in the United States in terms of its vehicle frontal impact test perpendicular to a rigid barrier with the use of seat belts by male model dummies. The test according to ABNT NBR 15300-1 + 15300-3 follows the European ECE R94 and 96/79/EC standards. However, ABNT NBR 15300-2 focuses on occupant protection during vehicle deceleration rather than occupant protection during vehicle deformation in a crash test. ABNT NBR 15300-3 tests occupant protection during vehicle deformation more than it tests occupant protection during vehicle deceleration. Therefore, this paper aims to show the types of test results produced by the ABNT NBR 15300-2 and ABNT NBR 15300-3 standards and their differences concerning occupant protection verification and discuss the manufacturer??s freedom of choice.     

Design of a soft switching bidirectional DC-DC power converter for ultracapacitor-battery interfaces

One solution to the low specific power of hybrid electric vehicular batteries is a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) that takes advantage of the high specific power performance of ultra-capacitors. The design of a type of zero current transition (ZCT) soft switching bidirectional direct current-direct current (DC-DC) power converter that can be used as an ultra-capacitor-battery interface in an active parallel schema of a HESS is described. The circuit operation of the ZCT DC-DC power converter is depicted in detail. The HESS controller is designed as a two-layered hierarchical control structure: the first layer is responsible for working mode control of the HESS, and the second layer is responsible for DC-DC power converter control in which a fuzzy logic PID algorithmis employed. Simulation results indicate that this design is a potential solution to the problem of the low specific power of batteries, especially for regenerative braking and electric motor assist. The proposed active parallel schema with ZCT exhibits a significant advantage in power and energy decoupling. HESS with ZCT achieves better efficiency compared to the battery only operation. The experimental results validates the idea that the ultra-capacitor cooperates with the battery in acceleration mode.     

Fuzzy adaptive sliding mode controller for an air spring active suspension

A fuzzy adaptive sliding mode controller for an air spring active suspension system is developed. Due to nonlinearity, preload-dependent spring force and parameter uncertainty in the air spring, it is difficult to control the suspension system. To achieve the desired performance, a fuzzy adaptive sliding mode controller (FASMC) is designed to improve the passenger comfort and the manipulability of the vehicle. The fuzzy adaptive system handles the nonlinearity and uncertainty of the air suspension. A normal linear suspension model with an optimal state feedback control is designed as the reference model. The simulation results show that this control scheme more effectively and robustly isolates vibrations of the vehicle body than the conventional sliding mode controller (CSMC).     

管线钢X70-L245对接接头焊接工艺研究

针对不同强度级别的管线钢X70和L245对接的焊接工艺进行了研究。通过碳当量计算和金相组织观察,分析了钢材焊接性;确定出预热和层间温度;选择了焊接材料;并进行了坡口设计。同时根据Q/SYXQ18—2002和XQ-CS-JX-SPE-0010标准对所制定的焊接工艺进行了评定。经评定,管口外观检查和射线检测合格,金相组织、拉伸试验、冲击试验等各项性能指标优良。按照该工艺施工的焊接接头质量合格,完全满足施工的技术要求。     

考虑降雨对土体强度影响的公路高边坡稳定分析

边坡工程中,土体一般处于非饱和状态,将非饱和土力学理论应用于边坡稳定分析,已成为当今岩土工程研究中的一个热点。总结了非饱和土力学理论,特别是土水特征曲线的研究现状,利用土水特征曲线,建立了一个非饱和土含水量与强度的关系式,并用来对粤赣高速公路残积土高边坡进行了稳定分析。揭示了土体含水量在高边坡稳定分析中的重要作用,提出把含水量作为边坡稳定分析的一个重要参数,该计算分析思想在高速公路高边坡设计和施工中具有广泛的参考价值。     

高速道岔尖轨点云的复合拼接及数据处理优化

为实现高速铁路尖轨磨耗的高效检测,结合高速尖轨的检测需求及其几何特征,提出了基于距离编码器的复合拼接方法.该方法将距离信息融合到点云拼接中,提高了检测系统的自动化程度.在计算点特征直方图（point feature histograms,PFH）的过程中,引入OpenCL（open computing language）异构加速模型调整点云的数据结构,发挥GPU的并行处理优势获得了更快的数据处理速度.利用实际尖轨开展磨耗检测实验,证明了针对高速尖轨的结构光检测系统有效可行.经过点云拼接和点云扫描数据处理的优化,系统的整体检测效率获得了70%左右的提升.      

板边离缝对CRTS III型轨道-路基动力特性的影响

为了研究板边离缝对高速铁路基础结构动力特性的影响,利用CRTS III型板式轨道-路基全尺寸试验模型开展了落轴试验,实测了轨道板与自密实充填层一侧界面处离缝的几何分布,并利用ANSYS/LS-DYNA有限元软件建立了相应的动力有限元分析模型,分析了板边离缝对轨道和路基结构冲击动力特性的影响规律,并利用相应的试验结果对数值结果进行了对比验证. 研究结果表明:轨道板和自密实层界面处单侧离缝的平均宽度和平均高度分别为28.18 cm和2.15 mm;板边离缝宽度对基础结构动力特性的影响要大于离缝高度;在0～800 mm的范围内,随着离缝宽度的增加,轨道和路基位移以及钢轨加速度、轨道板加速度和基床底层加速度都持续增加,其中轨道板的位移和加速度的增幅均为最大,分别为56.8%和143.3%,充填层、支承层和基床表层的垂向加速度随离缝宽度的增加先增大后减小,当离缝尖端扩展至钢轨正下方附近时达到最大值;在0～3 mm的范围内,轨道和路基垂向位移与加速度均随离缝高度的增大而略微增加,最大增幅分别为8%和12%;越靠近离缝界面层面,离缝高度对其冲击动力特性的影响也越显著.      

Design and Combustion Characteristic Analysis of Free Piston Stirling Engine External Combustion System

The free piston Stirling engine external combustion system was simulated to investigate the diesel-air combustion characteristics in order to demonstrate its feasibility by computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The different effects on combustion were distinguished by analyzing the combustion burner, the injection position of diesel oil, the front tube arrangement of Stirling heater head and the back fin. The results show that the tilted front tube arrangement of the heater head with the back fin is the best practicable technology while the distance between the diesel nozzle position and the swirler top is 0. Its total heat flux is 15.6 kW, and the average heat transfer coefficients of the front and back tubes are 127W/(m² · K) and 192W/(m² · K), respectively. The heat transfer is mainly through convection, and the proportion of radiative heat transfer is only 16.9%. The best combustion efficiency of the free piston Stirling engine external combustion system is 86%.     

高原特长隧道驾驶人动态决策跟驰模型与限速研究

为研究高原特长隧道跟驰特性及驾驶人决策行为,优化隧道路段限速值,在云贵高原地区特长隧道进行了实车跟驰试验.基于采集跟驰数据,分析驾驶人在高原特长隧道的驾驶决策行为并得到加减速决策模型;提出隧道跟驰过程中驾驶人局部效用最优概念,通过安全跟驰距离模型、驾驶人感知速度模型及驾驶人决策模型,建立局部最优的驾驶人动态决策跟驰模型,仿真驾驶人在隧道路段上的最优决策行为.研究结果表明：在高原特长隧道进口段及出口段,驾驶人趋于选择更大的跟驰距离;基于局部最优的驾驶人动态决策跟驰模型,能较好地仿真最优跟驰行为,得到隧道路段最优决策速度并作为最高限速值.本文结论为改善高原特长隧道路段行车安全状态提供了理论支撑.     

脉冲风洞测力系统结构动力学特性

脉冲风洞试验过程时,试验气流引起测力系统强烈振动对测试结果产生严重干扰. 为解决测力系统振动对测力结果干扰的问题,首先根据测力系统结构特点建立了相应的动力学模型;其次,对其进行了虚拟标定和模态分析;第三,对测力系统进行了瞬态分析和惯性补偿,获得了相应的瞬态输出;最后,对测力系统进行了风洞试验,分别获得了相应的弹性输出结果和惯性输出结果. 分析和试验结果表明:惯性补偿后,测力系统均值测量精度略有提高,瞬态测量精度大幅提高;惯性补偿后瞬态测量精度最低为87.4%,出现在测力系统共振时,其他状态下,瞬态测量精度超过91%;惯性补偿后的测力系统输出结果振动基本消失,说明惯性补偿方法能够消除振动对输出结果的干扰.